ABSTRACT
Los sistemas de salud enfrentan el gran desafío de mejorar la salud de las personas en un escenario de continuos cambios en el perfil epidemiológico, de nuevas tecnologías en salud y de restricción de recursos. En este contexto, el sistema se ve obligado a priorizar en base a un conjunto de elementos que den cuenta del valor que tiene una nueva intervención para ese sistema de salud. La evaluación económica es uno de los elementos técnicos que informa este juicio de valor. El presente artículo introduce la evaluación económica en salud al médico clínico, desde la perspectiva de un sistema de salud que busca lograr el máximo de salud con los recursos disponibles. Se contextualiza este instrumento en el proceso de evaluación de tecnologías en salud y se discute su relevancia en el actual contexto chileno.
Health care face the challenge of improving population in the context of continous epidemiological changes, development of new technologies and budget constraints. The system is forced to prioritize interventions based on a set of elements related to the value of a new intervention in that health system. Economic evaluation is one among different technical elements needed to arrive at a value judgement. This article to introduce the clinical physician to health economic evaluation with a perspective of obtaining the maximal health benefits given the available resources. The value of this instrument in the evaluation of health technologies and the implications for the current Chilean situation are discussed.
Subject(s)
Health Services Coverage , Health Systems/economics , Cost-Benefit Analysis/methods , Decision Making , Cost Efficiency Analysis , ChileSubject(s)
Humans , Drugs, Essential , Health Resources , Health Services Accessibility , National Health ProgramsABSTRACT
Health research is considered an essential element for the improvement of population health and it has been recommended that a share of the national health budget should be allocated to develop this field. Chile has undertaken efforts in the last decades in order to improve the governmental structure created to promote the development of health research, which has increased human resources and funding opportunities. On the other hand, the sustained economic growth of Chile in the last decades suggests that the health expenditure will maintain its increasing trend in the following years. This additional funding could be used to improve coverage of current activities performed in the health system, but also to address the incorporation of new strategies. More recently, health technology assessment (HTA) has been proposed as a process to support decisions about allocation of resources based on scientific evidence. This paper examines the relationship between the development of health research and the HTA process. First, it presents a brief diagnosis of the situation of health research in Chile. Second, it reviews the conceptual basis and the methods that account for the relationship between a HTA process and the development of health research. In particular, it emphasizes the relevance of identifying information gaps where funding additional research can be considered a good use of public resources. Finally, it discusses the challenges and possible courses of action that Chile could take in order to guarantee the continuous improvement of an articulated structure for health research and HTA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomedical Research/methods , Technology Assessment, Biomedical/methods , Biomedical Research/economics , Chile , Decision Making , Health Care Rationing , Technology Assessment, Biomedical/economicsABSTRACT
Equity has been recognized as one of the driving principles of many health systems in the world. In Latin America, Chile has led the explicit inclusion of equity in their health policies, which is reflected in its recent health reform. On the other hand, Chile faces the challenge of defining and implementing a policy for health technology assessment (HTA), which should be consistent with the equity principles that underlie the Chilean national health system. This paper reviews the equity concept emphasizing the relevance of socioeconomic inequalities. Furthermore, it examines how international HTA agencies have explicitly included this element in the evaluation and decision processes. It presents the English case, which highlights the elements of procedural justice rather than adopting a normative position regarding equity. Finally, it examines the methods that have been developed aiming to make explicit consideration of equity in HTA. It concludes that the methodological development to incorporate equity elements with empirical basis is recent and limited. The consideration of equity is, in most of the cases, left to the instances of deliberative participation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Services Accessibility , Technology Assessment, Biomedical/methods , Chile , Decision Making , England , Health Policy , Social Justice/economics , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: la decisión de rehabilitar o extraer un diente la determina conocer las causas de la destrucción dental que influyen en el plan de tratamiento y pronóstico. Objetivo: describir indicaciones, tratamientos quirúrgicos periodontales previos a la restauración dental, dientes más afectados y edad de pacientes con invasión del espacio biológico (IEB) o necesidad de cirugía preprotésica. Método: este trabajo es una serie de casos de 162 pacientes de ambos sexos, quienes fueron atendidos en las clínicas de pregrado de la Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador (UEES). Después del análisis clínico y radiográfico, se verificó la necesidad de procedimientos periodontales para la recuperación de espacio biológico o cirugías preprotésicas. Resultados: el 28% de los pacientes fueron hombres, y el 72%, mujeres. Las causas de IEB y tratamiento preprotésico más frecuentes fueron caries, márgenes subgingivales de restauraciones y fracturas. Los dientes más afectados fueron los premolares y primeros molares. El 60% de los procedimientos se realizaron en pacientes entre 23 y 42 años. Los tratamientos más frecuentes fueron alargamiento de corona clínica con ostectomía (62%), sin ostectomía (23,5%) y gingivectomía con electrobisturí (8,7%). Conclusión: caries, fracturas dentales y restauraciones subgingivales fueron las causas más frecuentes de IEB. El colgajo periodontal con ostectomía continúa siendo el procedimiento más utilizado para resolver dichos problemas. El reconocimiento de las causas de la IEB, los dientes más afectados, la edad de los pacientes y el tipo de tratamiento efectuado establecerá un mejor pronóstico rehabilitador, haciendo énfasis en las medidas operatorias necesarias para reducir el fracaso de la rehabilitación.
Background: The decision to rehabilitate or extract a tooth is determined by the knowledge of the causes of dental destruction affecting treatment plan and prognosis. Aim: Describe indications, surgical periodontal therapy prior to dental restoration, most affected teeth and age of the patients with invasion of biological space (IBS) and/or pre-prosthetic surgery. Methods: This is a case series report of 162 patients, male and female, who were treated at the predoctoral dental program of Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador. After clinical and radiographic analysis, the need for periodontal procedures for the recovery of biological space and/or pre-prosthetic surgery was verified. Results: 28% of patients were male and 72% female. The most common causes of IBS and/or pre-prosthetic treatment were caries, restorations with subgingival margins, and fractures. The most affected teeth were the premolarsand first molars. 60% of the procedures were performed in patients between 23-42 years of age. The most common treatments were clinical crown lengthening without ostectomy (23.5%), with ostectomy (62%), and electrosurgical gingivectomy (8.7%). Conclusion: Caries, fractured teeth and subgingival restorations were the most common causes of IBS The periodontal flap with ostectomy remains to be the most used procedure to solve these problems. Recognizing the causes of the IBS, the most affected teeth, the age of the patients and the type of treatment will allow for a better rehabilitating prognosis, emphasizing on the operative measures necessary to reduce rehabilitation failures.
Antecedentes: a decisão entre conservar ou extrair um dente é determinada pelo conhecimento das causas que produzem a destruição dental que influem no plano de tratamento e prognostico dos dentes envolvidos. Objetivo: descrever os procedimentos cirúrgicos periodontais realizados previamente à restauração dental, etiologia, dente mais afetado e idade dos pacientes. Método: este relatório é uma série de casos de 162 pacientes de ambos os sexos que foram tratados nos clínicas da graduação da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Evangélica de El Salvador. Posterior ao analise clínico, radiográfico e diagnóstico se realizou o plano de tratamento, onde se verificou a necessidade de procedimentos periodontais para a recuperação do espaço biológico (EB) e/ou pré-protéticos. Os procedimentos foram realizados por um operador treinado na área da periodontia. Resultados: 28% dos pacientes foram homens e 72% mulheres. As causas mais freqüentes de invasão do EB e/ou tratamento pré-protético foram caries, margens sub-gengivais de restaurações e fraturas. Os dentes mais afetados foram os pré-molares e primeiros molares. 60% dos procedimentos foram realizados em pacientes entre 23 y 42 anos. Os tratamentos mais freqüentes foram: Aumento de Coroa Clínica associado à Osteotomia (62%), sem Osteotomia (23,5%) e gingivectomia com eletrobisturi (8,7%). Conclusão: o reconhecimento das causas da invasão do EB, os dentes mais afetados, grupo etário e tipo de tratamento efetuado, permitirão estabelecer um melhor prognóstico reabilitador, pondo maior ênfase nas medidas reabilitadoras direcionadas à redução da falha ou fracasso reabilitador.